Conflict, Settlement and Community in the Peasant Society of the Alpine Regions in the Late Middle Ages and in the Early Modern Times

在中世纪晚期和近代早期的蒂罗尔，地方司法管辖区(Landgerichte)的农民可以派遣他们的代表团参加相对定期举行的地区议会(Landtag)。当地管辖的地区由几个(主要是小的)农村社区组成，这些社区拥有大片的高山和草地。但自14世纪和15世纪以来，由于蒂罗尔人口的增加，畜牧业变得更加集约化，社区之间经常爆发关于使用共同碱性磷酸酶的冲突。尽管在农村社区之间划分和划定了ALP和公地之后，这些冲突并没有完全消失，但根据社区文件，这些冲突是通过同一地方管辖范围内的其他中立社区的谈判和调解来解决的。农村社区之间这种互动的频率和重复帮助了社区…的发展在地方管辖的框架内，农民的认同感和认同感更强。这种交流可以与蒂罗尔社区(Landgerichte)的政治活动齐头并进。马克西米利安一世皇帝和蒂罗尔的其他领土王子经常颁布维持和平、限制世仇、程序、市场监管等特定命令。确实，这些命令在一定程度上有利于农民的利益，但他们中的许多人剥夺了他们的传统权利和自主权(例如，在共同的森林中砍伐树木作为木材，法外解决争端)。因此，在“农民战争”时期，他们在地区饮食中提出了书面申诉，其中一半以上的申诉在1526年和1532年的综合蒂罗尔法典中得到采纳。这种值得注意的国家与地方社会之间的互动可能是近代早期德国一些领地公国政治一体化的一个历史特征。较少

In Tyrol in the late middle ages and in the early modern times, the peasants of the local jurisdictions(Landgerichte) could dispatch their delegation to the territorial diets(Landtag) which were called relatively regularly. The area of the local jurisdiction consisted of several (mostly small) rural communities, which held large alp and meadow in common. But since the fourteenth and fifteenth century, when the pasturage became more intensive because of the increase of population in Tyrol, conflicts over the use of the common alp broke out very often between the communities. Though these conflicts didn't disappear completely even after the division and the demarcation of the alp and commons between rural communities, they were, according to the communal documents, solved through the negotiation and mediation of the other neutral communities in the same local jurisdiction. The frequency and repetition of such interactions between the rural communities helped the development of the commun … More ication and identity of the peasants within the framework of the local jurisdiction. The communication of this kind could go hand in hand with the political activity of the communities(Landgerichte) in Tyrol.The Emperor Maximilian I and other territorial princes of Tyrol promulgated very often particular orders for peace-keeping, restriction of feuds, procedure, market- regulating, etc. Indeed these orders favored partly the interests of the peasants, but many of them denied the traditional rights and autonomy of them(e.g. cutting down trees for timber in the common forest, extrajudicial settlement of disputes). Therefore in the age of the "peasant war" they made their written complaints (gravamina) in the territorial diet and more than a half of the complaints were adopted in the comprehensive Tyrol law code of 1526 and 1532. Such an noteworthy interaction between the state and local society might be one historical characteristic of the political integration in some German territorial principalities in early modem times. Less