A Study of "Public" Organizations in the Japanese Immigrant Community in Los Angeles before the Pacific War

1.日本移民社区的多样性/异质性：本研究强调了洛杉矶日本移民社区中多样性/异质性的重要性。这与美国种族群体学者中仍然占主导地位的倾向形成了鲜明对比，即种族本质化。洛杉矶是两极化利益集团谈判和解的最后竞技场。2.民族主义的日常形态：日本人协会为了扮演敌对势力的中间人角色，往往借助日本政府的权威--驻洛杉矶领事的个人。一方面，执政官表明了种族内部对抗的“限度”。另一方面，执政官不厌其烦地代表“他们”进行干预，这一事实给了交战集团某种满足感，从而减轻了他们的好战情绪。日本协会阐明了这种日常形式的民族主义的重要性。作为志愿组织的“公共”组织：虽然日本人通过投票被排除在美国正式政治之外，但他们有很多方式参与美国社会。一个领域是法院的使用。另一个是宣传运动，以创造有利的政治气候。在这两种情况下，日本协会都发挥了核心作用。因此，通过使用志愿组织，移民参与-尽管在有限的方式-在美国的政治进程。对志愿组织的这种分析性利用可以扩大到经济、社会、宗教和教育组织，还需要进一步研究，探讨移民经验的参与方面。

1.Multiplicity/heterogeneity of the Japanese immigrant community : This study stresses the importance of multiplicity/heterogeneity within the community of Japanese immigrants in Los Angeles. This presents a contrast with the still-dominant tendency, among scholars of American ethnic groups, to essentialize ethnicity. The Japanese Association of Los Angeles functioned as a final arena of negotiation and accommodation among polarized interest groups.2.Everyday forms of nationalism : In order for the Japanese association to function as an intermediary between hostile parties, it often resorted to the use of the authority of the Japanese government - the person of the resident consul. On the one hand, the consul signified the "limits" of intraethnic antagonism. On the other, the fact that the consul took the trouble to intervene on "their" behalf gave the warring groups certain satisfaction, and thus abated their belligerence. The Japanese association illuminates the importance of such everyday forms of nationalism.3."Public" organizations as voluntary organizations : Although the Japanese were excluded from formal American politics through voting, they had many ways to participate in the American society. One area was the use of court. Another was the publicity campaigns to create favorable political climate. In both cases, the Japanese association played a central role. Thus, through the use of voluntary organizations, the immigrants participated - despite in a limited way - in the American political process. Such analytical use of voluntary organizations could be expanded to economic, social, religious, and educational organizations, and further studies should be needed to explore the participatory aspects of immigrant experience.