Biodiversity enrichment in oil palm plantations (EFForTS-BEE) – long-term trajectories of plant succession and yield

热带低地雨林大规模转变为以单一油棕榈种植为主的景观，导致生物多样性和生态功能的重大损失。一种有希望的生态系统恢复方法可能是在油棕榈种植园的海洋中建立树岛。为了验证这一论点，我们在一个大型油棕榈种植园建立了52个树岛，建立了生物多样性丰富实验努力-蜜蜂。该实验成立于2013年，由不同大小和不同多样性水平的人工种植树木组成。头几年的特点是多个类群的多样性增加和许多生态系统功能，这两个实验处理的显著影响，即岛屿大小和树木多样性。与通常的概念相反，加强生物多样性和生态系统功能并不是以牺牲农业生产力，即地貌尺度的产量为代价的。我们假设，随着时间的推移，观察到的多样性和多功能性的增加将进一步加强，但将出现与产量的权衡。今后三年的目标包括：(A)维持实验和一个核心监测方案；(B)分析两种试验性处理方法的长期效果；(C)研究生态系统轨迹，包括多种成分的恢复；以及(D)营养过程的广泛整合。拟议的工作将与伙伴项目密切合作，处理生态食物网、景观水平分析、气候监管、经济和政策，并使用基于代理人的建模。BEE的努力将促进和促进对联合国生态系统恢复十年的循证贡献。

The large-scale conversion of tropical lowland rainforest into landscapes dominated by monocultures of oil palm has led to significant losses in biodiversity and ecological functions. One promising approach to ecosystem restoration could be to establish tree islands in the sea of oil palm plantations. To test this contention, we set up the biodiversity enrichment experiment EFForTS-BEE by establishing 52 tree islands in a large oil palm plantation. Established in 2013, the experiment comprises islands of different sizes and different diversity levels of planted trees and was. The first years were characterized by increases in the diversity of multiple taxa and many ecosystem functions with significant effects of both experimental treatments, i.e. island size and tree diversity. In contrast to the common notion, enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem functioning have not come at the expense of agricultural productivity, i.e., yield, at the landscape scale. We hypothesize that the observed increases in multi-diversity and multi-functionality will further strengthen over time but trade-offs with yield will emerge. The objectives for the next three years include (a) the maintenance of the experiment and a core monitoring program, (b) an analysis of the long-term effects of the two experimental treatments in EFForTS-BEE (island size and tree diversity), c) the study of ecosystem trajectories, including the restoration of multiple components, and d) an extended integration of trophic processes. The proposed work will be done in close collaboration with partner projects addressing ecological food webs, landscape-level analyses, climate regulation, economics and policies, and using agent-based modelling. EFForTS-BEE will enable and foster an evidence-based contribution to the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration.