The Income Differentials and The Redistributional Effects of the Tax and Social Security System in Japan

* 使用原始数据集，我们调查了日本个人偏好超过收入再分配的决定器。另一个收入水平与对再分配的支持不相关，这并不能解释很多;还有其他重要因素，与动力学和不确定因素有关，这两者都是收入风险。即使在控制收入、两种风险-个人和那些希望在未来偏好大分销中成为无雇员的人。老龄化和流动性的相互作用对提高了重要性。相对贫穷的老年人，谁可能对提高流动性有一些看法，更强的支持大的分销，而年轻的人对这种政策的同情心更少。Ohtake和Tomioka （2004年），我们分析了老年人对活跃雇员的就业行为对差异中方法和动力实验室供应模型的估计的影响。数据来自“按年龄分列的就业情况调查” ... More sons。“Both the differences-in-differences method and the estimated dynamic labor supply models showed that the old-age pension system for active employees restrains the supply of workers in their early sixties （60到65 years of age）”。1995年对系统改革的影响已被分析。差异中的差异方法揭示了改变工作或不工作的决定，特别是老年人在较小的养老金上，但没有工作小时的影响。估计的动力学实验室供应模型揭示了1995年养老金系统周围无显著边际税率影响的情况。据估计，1988年、1992年和1996年的估计，估计的成本较高，从0.2到0.6不等。（Ohtake和Yamaga （2004））：没有就业的人比有就业的工人少快乐吗？我介绍了这一问题，看看它是如何在海外国家经营的。从某种意义上说，未就业者对幸福的影响是通过经验性地研究使用来自日本的微观数据。调查结果表明，没有就业的人比就业的工人更快乐，即使在不同的个人因素（如收入和年龄都受到控制）的情况下，前一个研究人员在其他开发的国家中发现了一项工作，并实现了其他开发的国家。如果这些结果是正确的，那么就业创造政策将比重新分配政策更有效，以提高个人福利水平（Ohtake （2004））。Less（低）

・Using an original dataset, we investigated the determinants of individual preferences Over income redistribution in Japan. Although income level is negatively correlated with support for redistribution, it does not explain much ; there are other important factors, which relate to dynamics and uncertainty such as income risk. Even after controlling for income, both risk-averse individuals and those who expect to be unemployed in the future favor greater redistribution. Interaction of aging and mobility proved important. Relatively poor elderly, who presumably have few prospects of upward mobility, strongly support greater redistribution, whereas younger people are less sympathetic to such a policy. (Ohtake and Tomioka (2004)・We analyze the impact of the old-age pension system for active employees on the employment behavior of elderly persons using the differences-in-differences method and the estimation of dynamic labor supply models. Data comes from "Surveys on Employment of Older Per … More sons." Both the differences-in-differences method and the estimated dynamic labor supply models showed that the old-age pension system for active employees restrains the supply of workers in their early sixties (60 to 65 years of age). Effects of the reform of the system in 1995 were analyzed. The differences-in-differences method revealed that the reform affected the decision to work or not, especially for elderly persons on a small pension, but did not affect working hours. The estimated dynamic labor supply models revealed no significant marginal tax rate effects of the pension system around 1995. The estimated wage elasticities, which were estimated by pooling data for 1988, 1992, and 1996, were relatively high, ranging from 0.2 to 0.6. (Ohtake and Yamaga (2004))・Are unemployed persons less happy than employed workers? I introduce studies regarding this issue which have been conducted in Overseas countries. Subsequently, the effects that unemployment has on happiness are examined empirically using micro data from Japan. The findings revealed that unemployed persons are less happy than employed workers even when various individual factors such as income and age are controlled, as previous researchers have found in studies implemented in other developed countries. If these results are correct, job creation policy is considered to be more effective than redistribution policy in order to increase the level of subjective welfare people (Ohtake (2004)). Less