Skeletal and dental development of larval batrachians: The influence of developmental processes on the evolution of novelties and the evolution of neobatrachian diversity.

幼虫的骨骼和牙齿发育：发育过程对新颖性进化和新蛙类多样性进化的影响。

• 批准号: 532830077
• 负责人: Dr. Paul Lukas
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/532830077?language=en
• 关键词: Skeletal; dental; development; larval; batrachians

The cartilaginous or bony skull is the central innovation of vertebrates. Its structure is highly complex, and its functions range from protecting the brain and important sensory organs to enabling effective food intake. During ontogeny, the skull is initially built from cartilage. Unlike bone, cartilage can develop more quickly and with less energy intake, which favours its early appearance. The cartilaginous precursor skeleton is predominantly replaced by bone during further development. The tadpole stage is central to the diversification of the anura. The separation of larvae and adults in terms of physiology, morphology and ecology allows aquatic and terrestrial habitats to be effectively exploited independently. Anuran tadpoles can be distinguished from adult frogs by their spherical bodies and long, muscular tails. In addition to these features, the mouth region of the tadpoles is crucial for their success and diversity. The mouth is surrounded by an oral disc. It typically consists of an upper and lower lip. Both are surrounded by one or more rows of keratinized structures called labial teeth. This project will compare the skeletal development of Batrachia and the development of the anuran labial teeth. Using histology, immunohistochemistry, clearing and staining and µ-CT, the skeletal development of different Anura and Urodela will be analysed and described. Comparison of sequences using heterochrony plot, Parsimov-based Genetic inference and Anatomical Network Analysis will provide insights on heterochronic shifts in the respective developmental sequences and the modularity of the developing skull, as well as reconstructing the ancestral developmental sequences. Any developmental changes will be identified and characteristics of skeletal development of different taxa will be defined. They will also be compared with the characteristics of skeletal development in other vertebrates. Previous results have shown, that the sequence of skeletal development in anuran larvae differs from that in other vertebrates. A comparison with urodelan larvae will provide information on whether this is an exclusive batrachian feature and how the skeletal development of Urodela should be classified. The development of the labial teeth of different anurans will be investigated and described at the cellular level using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and histology. One result of the project will be the first detailed description of the development of this structure. Overall, the project will increase our knowledge on the development of batrachian larvae and improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the evolution of skeletal development.

软骨或骨性头骨是脊椎动物的核心创新。它的结构非常复杂，其功能范围从保护大脑和重要的感觉器官到实现有效的食物摄入。在个体发育过程中，头骨最初是由软骨构成的。与骨骼不同，软骨发育得更快，并且消耗的能量更少，这有利于其早期出现。在进一步发育过程中，软骨前体骨骼主要被骨所取代。蝌蚪阶段是无尾多样化的核心。幼虫和成虫在生理、形态和生态方面的分离使得水生和陆地生境能够被有效地独立开发。无尾蝌蚪与成年青蛙的区别在于它们的球形身体和长而肌肉发达的尾巴。除了这些特征之外，蝌蚪的嘴部区域对于它们的成功和多样性也至关重要。嘴被口腔盘包围。它通常由上唇和下唇组成。两者都被一排或多排称为唇齿的角化结构包围。该项目将比较蛙类的骨骼发育和无尾目唇齿的发育。使用组织学、免疫组织化学、透明化和染色以及 µ-CT，分析和描述不同无尾兽和有尾兽的骨骼发育。使用异时图、基于帕西莫夫的遗传推理和解剖网络分析对序列进行比较，将提供有关各个发育序列的异时变化和发育中头骨的模块性以及重建祖先发育序列的见解。将识别任何发育变化，并定义不同类群的骨骼发育特征。它们还将与其他脊椎动物的骨骼发育特征进行比较。先前的结果表明，无尾动物幼虫的骨骼发育顺序与其他脊椎动物不同。与无尾蜥幼虫的比较将提供有关这是否是蝙蝠蜥蜴独有的特征以及如何对无尾蜥的骨骼发育进行分类的信息。将使用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和组织学在细胞水平上研究和描述不同无尾目动物的唇齿的发育。该项目的一个成果将是对该结构的开发的第一个详细描述。总体而言，该项目将增加我们对蛙类幼虫发育的了解，并提高我们对骨骼发育进化机制的理解。