Reality and effectiveness of support for raising infants and school children

在四年的时间里，对全国91所公立和私立幼儿园(在本研究的第一年)进行了三次问卷调查和访谈，以检查实施支持托儿所的现实情况和效果。调查和访谈的结果表明，使用下班后护理服务的母亲比不需要这些服务的母亲感到更多的育儿负担。此外，在研究期间，提供育儿咨询服务的幼儿园数量在三年内有所增加，这些服务不仅适用于自己的幼儿园学生的家长，也适用于居住在同一社区的其他家长。此外，聘请发展心理学家等外部专家的幼儿园数量也有所增加。此外，为孩子尚未进入幼儿园的家长提供支持的幼儿园数量增加，这种服务的时间长短…0为了研究亲子关系的发展和对育儿支持的需求，进行了3项纵向研究。第一项研究的目的是用通径分析来检验从怀孕到产后一年的抑郁和夫妻亲密之间的因果关系。通过对228对夫妻孕期抑郁的调查，发现孕期抑郁影响产后6个月与丈夫的亲密度，进而影响产后1年的抑郁。同时，妻子怀孕期间的抑郁影响丈夫在孩子出生后6个月的抑郁，妻子的亲密度也影响丈夫在各个时间点的亲密度。第二，通过纵向研究，明确了个体为人父母后心理健康的变化及影响心理健康的因素。截至2006财年末，220名父亲和290名母亲参加了孩子三岁时的第五次调查。分析结果表明，矛盾夫妻关系对产后一年的抑郁情绪有显著影响。第三项纵向研究旨在阐明产后抑郁的危险因素，对527名孕妇(287名出生后1年的孕妇)进行了研究。结果表明，产后抑郁的危险因素随时间的不同而不同，但妊娠期抑郁总是在各个时间点上导致抑郁。这项研究特别指出，怀孕意愿或对职业生涯的决定在孩子出生后的最初阶段会影响抑郁症。较少

○Three questionnaire surveys and an interview were conducted over four years with 91 (in the first year of this study) public and private kindergartens across the country in order to examine the reality and effect of implementation of support for raising kindergarteners. Results of the surveys and interview indicated that mothers who used after-hours nursing services felt more burdened by parenting than those who did not require these services. Also, the number of kindergartens that provided counseling services on parenting increased over the three years during the study, and these services were available not only for parents of own kindergartners but also for other parents who lived in the same community. Furthermore, the number of kindergartens that hired outside experts such as developmental psychologists also increased. In addition, the number of kindergartens that provided support for parents whose children had not yet entered kindergarten increased, and the length of such service … More provision was also extended to throughout the year.○In order to examine the development of parent-child relationships and needs for parenting support, 3 longitudinal studies were conducted. The objective of the first study was to examine the causal relationships between depression and husband-wife intimacy from pregnancy to 1 year postpartum using path analysis. When 228 husband-pregnant wife pairs were examined, depression experienced by wives during pregnancy influenced their intimacy toward husband at six months postpartum which then affected their depression at one year postpartum. Meanwhile, wives' depression in pregnancy influenced husbands' depression at six months after child birth, and also, wives' intimacy influenced husbands' intimacy at every given time points. Second longitudinal study was conducted to clarify the changes in mental health when individuals became parents and the factors that influenced mental health. As of the end of FY2006, 220 fathers and 290 mothers participated in the fifth survey when children grew up to be three years old. The result of analysis indicated that ambivalent husband-wife relationships had significant effects on their depression at one year after child birth. The third longitudinal study in the aim of elucidating risk factors of postpartum depression was conducted with 527 pregnant women (287 women at 1 year after birth). The result showed that risk factors of postpartum depression varied depending on time; however, depression during pregnancy always contributed to depression at every point. The study indicated in particular that the pregnancy wantedness or decisions on job-career influenced depression during the initial period after child birth. Less