A Comparative Study of Decolonization in Light of "Colonial Responsibility"

本项目提出“殖民责任”的新概念，作为非殖民化的历史分析方法。创造新概念的一个动机是，前殖民地人民最近明显要求对殖民暴力造成的损害进行道歉和赔偿。大多数殖民暴力行为都可以理解为“危害人类罪”，这是二战后关于“战争罪”的讨论中产生和发展起来的一个法律概念。然而，“危害人类罪”适用的局限性不仅在于犯罪的法律概念不能追溯适用，还在于它不可避免地对暴力行为进行了严格的限制。种族灭绝、大规模杀戮、酷刑、大规模强奸等极端暴力确实在殖民主义下发生过，可以被视为合法犯罪，但被殖民人民遭受的暴力要广泛得多，种类也多。它有时可能看起来不那么戏剧化，但是……只有通过揭示这种暴力，才能了解殖民主义下人民生活的更多现实。为了考虑到殖民主义下的日常暴力，本研究建议区分“殖民犯罪/罪行”作为法律概念和“殖民责任”作为历史概念。调解这两种暴力将使我们能够对殖民暴力有一个包容的历史理解，无论是否发生在战争中。同时，它将奴隶贸易和奴隶制理解为殖民主义的先驱者和支持者，并将其罪行置于16世纪以来世界历史上更长的殖民主义和非殖民化历史进程中。“殖民责任”研究的重点是前殖民国家的人民如何从“殖民责任”的角度认识自己的历史。通过分析这一进程，它将使人们能够理解非殖民化是一个主观的历史进程。本项目所研究的实例表明，这一概念作为研究非殖民化问题的一种新方法是有效和可能的。少

This project proposes a new concept "colonial responsibility" as a method of historical analysis of decolonization. A motive for the creation of the new concept is the recently visible demands by the people of the former colonies for the apology and compensation for the damage produced by the colonial violence.Most of the colonial violence can be understood as "crime against humanity" which is a legal concept created und developed in the "war crime" discussion after the World War II. The limit of the application of the "crime against humanity", however, exists not only in the fact that the legal concept of a crime can't be applied retrospectively, but also in the fact that it inevitably gives a strict limitation of the violence. Extreme violence like genocide, mass killing, torture, mass rape etc. did occur under colonialism and can be treated as a legal crime, but the violence the colonized people suffered is far more wider and various. It might sometimes appear less dramatic, but the … More reality of the life of the people under colonialism is only understood by throwing light on such kind of violence.In order to take the every day violence under colonialism into account this study propose to make differentiation between "colonial crime/guilt" as a legal concept and "colonial responsibility" as a historical concept. Mediating the both kind of violence it will enable an inclusive historical understanding of colonial violence whether in the war or not. At the same time it understands slave trade and slavery as a forerunner und supporter of colonialism and treat their crime in the same light and put it in the process of longer history of colonialism and decolonization in the world history since the 16th century.The focus of the study of the "colonial responsibility" is how people of the former colonial countries become conscious of their own history in terms of the "colonial responsibility." By analyzing this process it will enable an understanding of the decolonization as a subjective historical process. The instances researched in this project show the effectiveness and possibility of the concept as a new method of the study of decolonization. Less