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Adaptive Phenotypic Plasticity in an Aquatic Community

水生群落中的适应性表型可塑性

基本信息

批准号：
16370008
负责人：
NISHIMURA Kinya
金额：
$ 8万
依托单位：
Hokkaido University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2006
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Anuran tadoles of Rana pirica, and salamander larvae of Hynobius retardatus are the founders of the ponds community that are formed in forests peripheral in Hokkaido in spring. The salamander larvae become a broad headed morph in the larval developmental period in certain condition. Larval salamanders having a broad headed-morph are a strong predator that has an ability to swallow conspecific larvae and tadpoles with a large gape size. The broad-headed morph is considered as an adaptive phenotypic plasticity. The tadpoles also exhibit a phenotypic plasticity. The tadpoles develop a bulgy body when they are exposed to the predation risk of the larval salamanders. The bulginess prohibits being swallowed by the salamanders having a large gape. The plasticity of larval salamander, bread-head, and of tadpole, bulgy body, are considered as antagonistic coevolution of predator-prey interaction.The tadpoles exhibit the other type of inducible defense morphology to the other predator species in the community. Dragon fly larvae are one of the commonest predator species in the pond community. The tadpoles develop higher tail morphology when they are exposed to the predation risk of the dragon fly larvae. Tadpoles of R. pirica have two types of inducible defense morphologies. One is the specialist type inducible morphology to the predation risk of the larval salamander, and the other on is the generalist type one to the various other predator species in the pond community.

无尾蜥蝾螈（Rana pirica）和蝾螈幼虫（Hynobiusretatus）是春季北海道周边森林中形成的池塘群落的创始人。蝾螈幼虫在一定条件下，在幼虫发育期成为宽头型。具有宽头变形的幼虫蝾螈是一种强大的捕食者，能够吞咽同种幼虫和大张口的蝌蚪。宽头变体被认为是一种适应性表型可塑性。蝌蚪还表现出表型可塑性。当蝌蚪面临幼虫蝾螈的捕食风险时，它们会形成一个凸出的身体。凸出的部分阻止了大张口的蝾螈吞咽。蝾螈幼虫的可塑性（面包头）和蝌蚪的可塑性（膨大的身体）被认为是捕食者-被捕食者相互作用的对抗性共同进化。蝌蚪对群落中的其他捕食者物种表现出另一种类型的诱导防御形态。蜻蜓幼虫是池塘群落中最常见的捕食者物种之一。当蝌蚪暴露于蜻蜓幼虫的捕食风险时，它们会形成更高的尾部形态。 R. pirica 蝌蚪有两种类型的诱导防御形态。一种是针对幼虫蝾螈捕食风险的专业型诱导形态，另一种是针对池塘群落中各种其他捕食者物种的通才型。