Systematic structure of protective settlements and Chashi(Fortes Ainu) found in the northern areas, and ethnic encounters

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Taking into account circumstances in northeast Asia at the time, this study attempted to reveal the systematic structure of protective settlements in Hokkaido, the base layer of Chashi in the Ainu Culture Era, and encounters between prehistoric ethnic groups in the northern areas.The results are shown as follows :1 As a result of topographical surveys on the site considered as Chashi in the Ainu Culture Era, we confirmed the existence of remains with a protective function in the period before the emergence of Chashi, and examined the conditions.2 We systematically classified the remains with a protective function found in the northern areas and Chashi, and clarified the transition from ancient times to recent times.3 We discovered that they had been strongly influenced by ethnic cultural encounters or trade systems with the central society.4 We concluded that the remains with a protective function and Chashi could be recognized as natural fortress remains, and made suggestive recommendations on the direction for future study by explaining the concept.5 Using the conclusion as an aid to academic exchanges in the southern Chishima, which has not yet been investigated, we conducted a survey on materials stored in the Furukamappu Folk Museum in Kunashiri Island through visa-free travel to the Northern Territories as specialist status.By concluding that the remains which have been considered as protective settlements, or Chashi, can be recognized as natural fortress remains, this study revealed the actual conditions of cultural contact, exchanges, and trading in the northern world.