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A Study of the Emergence of Unitary Control of State Resources in 19th Century Myanmar

19世纪缅甸国家资源统一控制的出现研究

基本信息

批准号：
17401022
负责人：
ITO Toshikatsu
金额：
$ 9.25万
依托单位：
Aichi University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2005
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2005 至 2007
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17401022/
关键词：
Myanmar early modern local chieftain unitary control of State Thathameda tax Ahmudan system village system colonial rule 中央集権体制国際情報交換前近代地方社会資源動員方式アフムダーン

项目摘要

The introduction of the Thathameda tax system during the late Konbaung period was an attempt to establish unitary control over human and material resources by creating a new administrative system for the Ahmudan (royal service groups constituting not more than 50% of the population) with a land revenue system based on data relating to land in the kingdom and its productivity.Unfortunately, this land revenue system failed because it was not possible to gather the local data about land and productivity necessary to claim taxes. Because of the lack of annual revenue, local chieftains had not been involved in the bureaucracy, and the tense international situation made it impossible to reorganize the Ahmudan system. Therefore, Thathameda taxation proved incapable of providing unitary control over state resources.However, the British colonial government accomplished unitary control through the abolition of the Ahmudan system in order to demilitarize Myanmar, and by setting up a land revenue system with so-called impartial imposition of taxes under the new village system. The Upper Burma Village Regulation shook the foundations of rural society in Myanmar, and the early colonial administration experienced various difficulties because the Regulation ignored the realities of rural society at the time.The Regulation and its supplement, Rules for Regulating the Appointment of Headmen, contained policies shaped under the government of King Mindon, who had introduced the Thathameda tax. He and his successor, King Thibaw, were not able to achieve their administrative aims, while the colonial government was able to change the indigenous local order after the 1890's. The first steps toward a nation state in Myanmar were taken during the late Konbaung period and accelerated by the colonial government.

贡榜王朝后期引入的塔哈梅达税制是为了建立对人力和物力资源的统一控制，为艾哈迈达人（占人口不超过50%的王室服务群体）创建一个新的行政系统，并建立一个基于王国土地及其生产力相关数据的土地税收制度。不幸的是，这种土地税收制度失败了，因为无法收集索税所需的有关土地和生产力的当地数据。由于缺乏年收入，当地酋长一直没有参与官僚机构，而紧张的国际局势又使得艾哈迈德体系无法重组。因此，达哈米达税制无法对国家资源提供统一控制。但英国殖民政府通过废除艾哈迈达制度，实现缅甸非军事化，并在新村制下建立所谓公平征税的土地收入制度，实现了统一控制。《上缅村条例》动摇了缅甸农村社会的基础，早期的殖民统治也因该条例忽视了当时农村社会的现实而经历了各种困难。该条例及其补充规定《规范土司任命规则》包含了敏东国王政府制定的政策，敏东国王引入了塔哈米达税。他和他的继任者锡包国王未能实现他们的行政目标，而殖民政府却能够在1890年代之后改变原住民的地方秩序。缅甸迈向民族国家的第一步是在贡榜时期后期迈出的，并在殖民政府的推动下加速了。