A study of reproductive ecology of Lake Tanganyikan cichlid fishes as the model systems of cooperative breeding in vertebrates

在过去的一年里，S。Awata、K Ota和S Morita进行了实地观察。本年度重点研究了丽鱼的合作养殖。通过三年的研究，将新证实：（1）在一个种群中，该鱼具有最多的交配系统，即：例如，在一个实施例中，一夫一妻制、一夫多妻制、古典一妻多夫制、合作一妻多夫制和一夫多妻制。这变种将是大多数脊椎动物，并已报告从橡子啄木鸟。(2)这些变化将是由最大的女性，可以支配男性。因此，这些女性在身体上控制或操纵男性。因此，不仅精子竞争和社会交配系统的变化，这种鱼将是很好的主题动物的研究，女性控制的父权，欺骗，内和间的性confficts，互惠利他主义和互利主义，所有的有趣的主题，为未来的研究在行为生态学。因此，我们将使前 关于我们 在今后的5-10年中，我们将利用该鱼种进行实验室研究，并在本年度内对另一种合作繁殖的布氏查丽鲷进行了研究。这条鱼被研究了。10年该鱼的交配系统包括一夫一妻制、合作一妻多夫制和一夫多妻制。这种交配系统的变化比J. ornatus小，部分原因是雌性体型比大的阿尔法雄性小。因此，在社会上占主导地位的大多数人是男性。因此，优势秩序类似于鸟类dunnock，其中大多数占主导地位的个体是阿尔法男性和慈鲷的繁殖系统也类似于dunnock合作一妻多夫制，一夫一妻制，一夫多妻制占主导地位。这表明，在合作繁殖的慈鲷中，交配系统的变异程度在种间是不同的，而在条纹Telmatochrmis vittatus中，观察到该研究种群由多种雄性生殖寄生雄性交配策略组成：潜行策略、卫星雄性策略和海盗雄性策略。我们假设，运动鞋男性可以进化为β男性，如果他们成为受精后进行父亲的照顾，和海盗男性可以阿尔法男性，如果他们的目标是一夫一妻制的繁殖对（其中对男性是β男性与父母的照顾）。DNA同源性分析可能表明，Telmatochromis，Julidochromis和Chalinochromis属将密切相关（但一些报告不支持这一点）。如果是这样的话，我们可以说，雄性的生殖策略在它们的起源物种中具有相同的根源。此外，这三个属的物种雄性生殖策略的选择不是由遗传决定的，而是随着生长而变化的。少

In the last year, Drs. S. Awata, K Ota and S Morita conducted field observations. In this year, the cooperative breeding cichlid fish, Julidochromis ornatus is mainly studied. As the studies during the three years, it will be newly confirmed that (1) within a population this fish has most varieties of mating systems, e. g., monogamy, polygyny, classical polyandry, cooperartive polyandry, and polygynandry. This variety will be most in vertebrates, and has been reported from the acorn woodpecker. (2) These variations will be induced by the largest females that can dominate over males. Thus, these females physically control or manipulate males. Thus, not only the sperm competition and a variation of social mating systems, this fish will be good subject animals for the study of female control of paternity, deception, intra- and inter-sexual confficts, reciprocal altruism and mutualism, all being the interesting themes for future research in behavioral ecology. Thus, we are going to make ex … More perimental studied in laboratory using this species during the future 5-10 years.Another cooperative breeding cichlids Chalinochromis brichardi has been studied also in this year. This fish was studied for ca,. 10 years. The mating systems of this fish consist of monogamy, cooperative polyandry and polygynandry. This variation in mating system is smaller than that of J. ornatus partly because that female size was smaller than large alpha males. Thus socially most dominant individuals were males. Thus, dominant order resemble that of the bird dunnock, in which most dominant individuals are alpha males and the cichlid breeding systems also resemble that of the dunnock where cooperative polyandry, monogamy, polygynandry are predominant. Thus, it will be shown that in cichlid fishes of cooperative breeding degree of variations in mating systems are different between species.In Telmatochrmis vittatus, it has been observed that this study population consisted of multiple male reproductively parasitic male-mating tactics: sneaking tactics, satellite-male tactics and pirate male tactics. We hypothesized that sneaker males can evolve to beta males, if they become to conduct paternal care after fertilization, and pirate males can be alpha males, if they target monogamous breeding pair (where pair males to be beta males with parental care). DNA phylogeny analyses may suggest that the genera Telmatochromis, Julidochromis and Chalinochromis will be closely related (but some reports do not support this). If this will be the case, we may say that the alternative male reproductive tactics will have the same root in their origin species. Additionally speaking, the alternative male reproductive tactics in species of these three genera are not genetically determined but changeable according to their growth. Less