Basic Research on Indigenous Rights as Group Rights

1.加拿大的土著权利1982年《宪法》第35条保护土著权利，其中包括土著土地使用权、捕鱼和狩猎权以及自治权。土地权和捕鱼权被认为是群体权利。《日本宪法》第13条规定了尊重个人的原则，第21条保护结社自由，关于《日本宪法》规范框架内个人与群体之间的关系，可以提出以下几点。第一，个人作为自然人本来就享有人权;第二，结社、加入和退出社团的自由本来就保障个人;第三，根据个人成员的意愿成立的社团作为社团享有某些人权;第四，某些社团可以集体行使某些人权，这意味着某些“集体人权”可以受到宪法保护，第五，即使尊重个人和个人自主决定的原则被认为是至关重要的，但在尊重个人的原则下，个人的尊严也并非总是在个人是独立的个人而不是群体成员时才能得到维护，在尊重个人和个人自主决定的宪法原则下，个人应享有决定其尊严的基本要素和维护尊严的方法的自由。土著群体权利的可能性根据《日本宪法》的规范性框架，如果某些土著权利能够得到宪法保护，土著群体的权利就不会被完全剥夺。

1. Aboriginal Rights in CanadaSection 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 protects aboriginal rights which include the aboriginal title to land use, the right to fishing and hunting, and the right to self-government. The right to land and to fishing is held to be group rights.2. Relation Between Individuals and Groups under the Constitution of JapanThe following points can be made concerning the relation between individuals and groups within the normative framework of the Constitution of Japan that provides the principle of respecting individuals by article 13 on the one hand and protects the freedom of association by article 21 on the other hand. First, individuals, as natural persons, originally enjoy human rights, second, freedom of forming, joining and withdrawing from associations is originally guaranteed to individuals, third, associations founded by the intention of individual members enjoy as associations certain human rights, fourth, certain association could exercise certain human rights collectively, which means that certain "collective human rights" could be constitutionally protected, even if the principle respecting individuals and autonomous decision of individuals is regarded as of fundamental importance, fifth, it is not always the case under the principle respecting individuals that the dignity of individuals can be maintained only when individuals are independent individuals, not members of groups and under the constitutional principle respecting individuals and autonomous decision of individuals, individuals should enjoy the freedom to decide the essential elements of his or her dignity and the methods of maintaining the dignity.3. Possibility of Group Indigenous RightsUnder the normative framework of the Constitution of Japan, group indigenous rights are not denied in toto, if certain indigenous rights can be constitutionally protected.