The influence of cognitive and emotional responses on movement under pressure

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The first objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of human movement under pressure, and the second was to investigate the influence of cognitive responses, such as conscious processing and attention-resource shortage, and the influence of physiological emotional response on movement under pressure. Twenty-four participants performed a golf putting task under pressure in Experiment 1. Thirty participants performed a table tennis forehand shot under pressure in Experiment 2. In both experiments, a low level of pressure was induced. Although placement of the ball was biased, performance scores were not influenced in either experiment. In addition, the amount of attention toward movement and distracter increased in both experiments. In Experiment 1, the movement amplitude in the take-back phase and follow-through phase decreased, although acceleration and velocity in the downswing phase increased. The gripping force in the take-back phase also increased. The greater amount of distraction the participants displayed, the greater the bias was toward the right side of the target facing the club head. The larger the increase in the participants' heart rate, the larger the increase in acceleration and velocity of the club head during down-swing. In Experiment 2, the impact points shifted forward, and the direction of the racket faces shifted toward the left of the target under pressure. The acceleration and velocity of the racket and the ball decreased under pressure. In addition, the more attention the participants gave to their movement or to something else, the more their movement varied. Therefore, the present study showed that changes in cognitive and emotional responses lead to modifications in motor control under pressure, although the influence of pressure varies among tasks.