Establishment of an epidemiological database targeting the residents living around the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site

截至2006年11月底，该数据库载有塞米巴拉金斯克地区136 000名居民的基本资料和69 000人的死亡率资料。首席研究员曾在广岛举行的国际研讨会等会议上介绍流行病学分析的中期结果，并在2007年9月（斯洛文尼亚共和国卢布尔雅那）举行的国际癌症登记会议上介绍了关于癌症死亡率的详细结果。这些结果已通过哈萨克斯坦辐射医学研究所报告给哈萨克斯坦卫生部。数据库中按癌症类型登记的死亡人数和百分比（11034例）表明，1949年至1975年期间最常见的死亡原因是食道癌，其次是胃癌和肺癌。但是，自1975年以来，肺癌是最常见的，其次是胃癌和食道癌。从1949年到1970年，食道切除术的年龄调整死亡率或年龄特异性死亡率（ASR）呈上升趋势，但自1970年以来，男性和女性的年龄调整死亡率均有所下降。关于肺癌死亡率趋势，从1950年到1960年，男性的ASR为20或更低，但在1960年到1970年期间急剧增加。这种增长趋势在女性中并不明显。最初，哈萨克斯坦人没有吸烟的习俗，但在第二次世界大战期间，男子被征召到前苏联军队服役，在那里他们养成了吸烟的习惯。目前，男性在12岁左右开始吸烟，这被认为是肺癌急剧增加的原因。然而，与男性相比，女性不吸烟。因此，肺癌发病率的这种性别差异清楚地表明，肺癌的发展是由于吸烟。

As of the end of November 2006, the database contained basic information on 136,000 residents of the Semipalatinsk region and mortality information on 69,000 people.The principal investigator, who had made presentations on interim results of epidemiological analysis at such meetings as an international symposium held in Hiroshmia, presented detailed results on cancer mortality at the International Cancer Registry Conference in September 2007(Ljubljana, Republic of Slovenia). These results were reported to the Kazakhstan Ministiy of Health through the Kazakhstan Research Institute of Radiation Medicine.Number of deaths and percentage by cancer type registered in the database(11,034 cases) show that the most frequent cause of death during the period between 1949 and 1975 was esophagus cancer, followed bystomach cancel and lung cancer. But, since 1975, lung cancer has been the most frequent, followed by stomach and esophagus cancer. Age-adjusted mortality, or the age-specific rate(ASR), from esophagus cancel tended to increase from 1949 to 1970, but has decreased since 1970 for both males and females. With regard to lung cancer mortality trends, the ASR for males was 20 or less from 1950 to 1960, but increased drastically during the period from 1960 to 1970. This increasing trend was not at all in evidence among females. Originally, people in Kazakhstan did not have the custom of smoking tobacco, but during Woild War II, men were drafted to serve in the former Soviet militaiy, where they picked up the smoking habit. Cunently, men start smoking when they are about 12 years old, which is considered to be the cause of the drastic increase in lung cancer. In contrast to men, however, women do not smoke. Thus, this sex difference in the lung cancer rate clearly shows that the development of lung cancer is due to smoking.