Establishment of an epidemiological database targeting the residents living around the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site

截至2006年11月底，该数据库包含塞米巴拉金斯克地区136,000名居民的基本信息和69,000人的死亡信息。首席调查员在2007年9月举行的国际癌症登记会议(斯洛文尼亚卢布尔雅那)上介绍了流行病学分析的中期结果，并在广西米亚国际研讨会上介绍了癌症死亡率的详细结果。这些结果是通过哈萨克斯坦放射医学研究所向哈萨克斯坦卫生部报告的。数据库中登记的死亡人数和按癌症类型划分的百分比(11 034例)表明，1949年至1975年期间最常见的死因是食道癌，其次是食道癌和肺癌。但自1975年以来，肺癌一直是最常见的癌症，其次是胃癌和食道癌。从1949年到1970年，年龄调整死亡率，或年龄特异率(ASR)，从1949年到1970年呈上升趋势，但自1970年以来，男性和女性都有所下降。关于肺癌死亡率的趋势，从1950年到1960年，男性的ASR为20或更低，但在1960年到1970年期间急剧增加。这一增长趋势在女性中并不明显。起初，哈萨克斯坦人没有吸烟的习惯，但在第二次世界大战期间，男性被征召到前苏联军队服役，在那里他们养成了吸烟的习惯。幸运的是，男性在大约12岁的时候就开始吸烟，这被认为是肺癌急剧增加的原因。然而，与男性不同的是，女性不吸烟。因此，肺癌发病率的这种性别差异清楚地表明，肺癌的发生是由吸烟引起的。

As of the end of November 2006, the database contained basic information on 136,000 residents of the Semipalatinsk region and mortality information on 69,000 people.The principal investigator, who had made presentations on interim results of epidemiological analysis at such meetings as an international symposium held in Hiroshmia, presented detailed results on cancer mortality at the International Cancer Registry Conference in September 2007(Ljubljana, Republic of Slovenia). These results were reported to the Kazakhstan Ministiy of Health through the Kazakhstan Research Institute of Radiation Medicine.Number of deaths and percentage by cancer type registered in the database(11,034 cases) show that the most frequent cause of death during the period between 1949 and 1975 was esophagus cancer, followed bystomach cancel and lung cancer. But, since 1975, lung cancer has been the most frequent, followed by stomach and esophagus cancer. Age-adjusted mortality, or the age-specific rate(ASR), from esophagus cancel tended to increase from 1949 to 1970, but has decreased since 1970 for both males and females. With regard to lung cancer mortality trends, the ASR for males was 20 or less from 1950 to 1960, but increased drastically during the period from 1960 to 1970. This increasing trend was not at all in evidence among females. Originally, people in Kazakhstan did not have the custom of smoking tobacco, but during Woild War II, men were drafted to serve in the former Soviet militaiy, where they picked up the smoking habit. Cunently, men start smoking when they are about 12 years old, which is considered to be the cause of the drastic increase in lung cancer. In contrast to men, however, women do not smoke. Thus, this sex difference in the lung cancer rate clearly shows that the development of lung cancer is due to smoking.