Mechanism of aldosterone-induced vascular injury: role of angiotensin II and other factors

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This study revealed several new physiological aspects of the molecular mechanisms of aldosterone-induced cardiovascular injury. We have demonstrated that Aldo directly upregulates ACE in cardiovascular tissue in aldosterone-induced hypertensive rats (Aldo-rats). ACE upregulation in cardiovascular tissue is involved in the activation of local RAS in Aldo-rats, which partly contributes to oxidative stress and inflammatory changes in cardiovascular tissue of Aldo rats. We have also shown that in cultured ECs Aldo induces of NADPH-oxidase-dependent superoxide generation via mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-mediated Rac1 activation. In cultured mesagial cell, Aldo increased ICAM-1 and CTGF expression via SGK-1 mediated NFkB activation, and CTGF, ICAM-1, and SGK-1 immunoreactivities were increased in glomerular tissue from Aldo-rats. These results suggest that MR-mediated NADPH oxidase activation in vascular cells and local RAS activation via ACE upregulation compose "vicious cycle", thereby leading to the development of Aldo-induced cardiovascular injury, and that MR-mediated SGK-1-NFkB axis is involved in the renal injury caused by Aldo.