Development oforal health pedormance assessment system usingbreath, gingival crevicular fluid and saliva

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The objective of this study was to develop the oral health performance assessment system by clarification of association between oral malodor, periodontal disease progression. and biomarkers from breath air, gingival crevicular fluid and. saliva. Hydrogen sulfide, methyhmercaptan, ammonia, trimethylamine and butyraldehyde influenced total malodor intensity (MI) value. The clinical parameters, incruding tongue-coating score and plaque index were associated with total MI values. In the multiple logistic model, significant variables were current smoking and hours of sleep in lifestyle-related factors served as independent variables. Additionally, 38.5% of periodontal disease progression was attributable to current smoking. Moreover, pack-years of smoking demonstrated a dose-response relationship with disease progression. These results show that smoking exerted the greatest influence on periodontitis risk among lifestyle factors. Levels of salivary markers including prostaglandin F2, lactoferrin, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly lower in current smokers. However, no meaningful differences in the proportions of six periodontal pathogens were observed between current and non-current smokers. Based on the malodor-intensity values of seven gases, the halitosis patients were classified into four clusters. These clusters showed different clinical characteristics. Furthermore, in multiple logistic regression analysis of "not improved outcome" as a dependent variable, only one of clusters showed independent association.