A Study of Thoughts on Improvement of Economic Society in 20th Century Britain : From New Liberalism to New Labour

如果从新自由主义的形成、二战前后的各种发展、20世纪80年代的短暂消失以及20世纪后期为应对古典自由主义在19世纪后期面临的困境而出现的新自由主义的复兴等方面来考察，我们就能比以往任何时候都更好地理解20世纪英国经济社会改良思想的历史进程。我们特别要强调以下三点；（一）里奇的社会进化理论标志着新自由主义形成的一个时代；（二）在马歇尔、庇古、凯恩斯、韦伯等人关于经济社会改良的思想中，我们可以看到其发展的一个变体；(c)虽然撒切尔政府在1980年代改善经济社会的思想中似乎消除了英国的新自由主义传统，但新工党在1990年代末新变化的环境中，通过进一步和适应这些新环境，恢复了这一传统，主要政府在1990年代提出了政府干预市场的想法，以试图推动撒切尔政策向前发展。

We can better understand the historical process of the British thoughts on improvement of economic society in the twentieth century than ever, if we investigate it in terms of the formation, the various developments both before and after the Second World War, the temporary disappearance of the 1980s and the revival in the late twentieth century of the new liberalism which emerged to cope with the difficulties the classical liberalism faced in the late nineteenth century. And we would emphasize the following three points in particular ; (a) that Ritchie's theory of social evolution marked an epoch in the formation of the new liberalism ; (b) that we could see a variant of its development in the thoughts on improvement of economic society of Marshall, Pigou, Keynes and the Webbs ; (c) that while the Thatcher governments appeared to eliminate the British tradition of new liberalism in the thoughts on improvement of economic society in the 1980s, New Labour revived this tradition in the newly changing circumstances of the late 1990s through furthering and adapting to these new circumstances the idea of governmental intervention in market which the Major governments advanced in order to try to propel the Thatcherite policies forward in the 1990s.