A study of the changes of economic thought and policy in the late Scottish Enlightenment

苏格兰启蒙运动晚期经济思想和政策变迁研究

• 批准号: 09630013
• 负责人: SEKI Gentaro
• 金额: $ 1.41万
• 依托单位: KYUSHU UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1997 至 2000
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09630013/
• 关键词: the Scottish Enlightenment; Industrialization; Urbanization; Sir John Sinclair; Thomas Chalmers; the poor; Glasgow; the late 18th to the early 19th Century; 経済発展; 経済主体の形成; 貧民対策; アダム・スミス; ドゥゴルド・ステュアート; トマス・チヤーマーズ; 工業化・都市化; 救貧法; コミュニティ; インダ

Scotland was dramatically industrialized and urbanized from the late 18th to 19th century. This means that a problem of the poor took place in the expanding cities. The Scottish intellectual actives, which had been blooming as the Scottish Enlightenment during the latter of the 18th century, were forced to tackle this problem. This study is concerned with how Sir John Sinclair and Thomas Chalmers coped with the problem, and will make clear their historical significance. Sinclair advocated his own 'statistics' by which he meant an inquiry into the habitants' conditions of a country and the means of their 'future improvement' by investing and analyzing their factual conditions. In fact on such statistical data as The Statistical Account of Scotland edited by himself and so on he insisted that the problem was responsible for the dissolution of a small community, the urbanization caused by the rapid industrialization, and the urban population's loss of prudence and frugality brought about … More by the urban circumstances. However, the measures that he proposed were not the reconstruction of a small community but the improvement of the urban population's manners and independence through providing an education for them, encouraging them to join a friendly society. After graduation from the University of St Andrews Chalmers wished to continue his scholarly work but at a moment begun to become conspicuous as an Evangelical minister in a country parish, while he evaluated more Malthus's economics than Smith's, and pointed out the importance of the natural check on economic activities. He thought that this natural check was the final cause for the poverty problem, and argued that in order to solve the problem there was no way without keeping population within the limitation of food production by laborers' birth-control, which would be, he thought, possible because their innate 'prudence and principle from within' could have restrained a childbirth. Based on this theory as well as his experience as an Evangelical minister in a country parish he made 'an experiment' in a new parish of a large city, Glasgow. Both Sinclair and Chalmers, though they were theoretically deferent from each other, were looking for the way of the shaping of adequate actors in the industrialized and urbanized society. This seems to be their historical significance. Less

从18世纪末到19世纪，苏格兰急剧工业化和城市化。这意味着穷人的问题发生在不断扩大的城市。18世纪后期，苏格兰启蒙运动兴起，苏格兰的知识分子们被迫解决这个问题。本研究关注的是约翰·辛克莱爵士和托马斯·查默斯是如何应对这一问题的，并将阐明他们的历史意义。辛克莱主张他自己的“统计”，他指的是对一个国家居民状况的调查，以及通过投资和分析他们的实际状况来“未来改善”的手段。事实上，根据他自己编辑的《苏格兰统计报告》等统计数据，他坚持认为，这个问题导致了一个小社区的解体，快速工业化导致的城市化，城市人口的节俭和节俭的丧失……更多的是城市环境。然而，他提出的措施并不是重建一个小社区，而是通过对城市人口的教育，鼓励他们加入一个友好的社会，来提高他们的礼仪和独立性。从圣安德鲁斯大学毕业后，查尔默斯希望继续他的学术工作，但在一个乡村教区担任福音派牧师的时候，他开始变得引人注目，而他更多地评价马尔萨斯的经济学，而不是斯密的经济学，并指出自然检查经济活动的重要性。他认为，这种自然制约是贫困问题的最终原因，并认为，为了解决这个问题，没有办法不通过劳动者的生育控制来将人口控制在粮食生产的限制范围内，他认为，这是可能的，因为他们天生的“谨慎和原则”可以限制生育。根据这一理论以及他在乡村教区担任福音派牧师的经历，他在大城市格拉斯哥的一个新教区做了一个“实验”。辛克莱和查尔默斯虽然在理论上不同，但他们都在寻找在工业化和城市化社会中塑造合适行动者的方法。这似乎是他们的历史意义。少