Study on Seepage failure mechanism of soil and estimation of critical hydraulic head differences under various flow conditions

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It was clarified that the effects of flow conditions, such as 1D, 2D, 2DC, AXSC, 2DR and AXSR flows, on seepage failure phenomena of soil are very large. In this study, the critical hydraulic head differences H_c under various flow conditions were first calculated and summarized. Seepage failure of soil under the 2DC flow condition was next considered from (1) three case studies and (2) 25 experiments. Problem issues were presented by the case studies, and seepage failure mechanism was clarified by the experiments using PIV analyses.