Seepage flow and seepage failure phenomena of soil for two fluids of different temperatures having different viscosities

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The effects of the temperature of water on seepage flow and seepage failure phenomena were discussed. When seepage water with a higher temperature flows through cold saturated soil, it goes selectively though larger pores in the soil. The critical hydraulic gradient i_c with respect to the boiling of soil in a one-dimensional case is almost the same as soil having the same initial void ratio e_0 in spite of the flowing water temperature. When seepage water with a lower temperature flows through warm saturated soil, gases generates in soil. The case study on piping failure due to methane gas generated during the construction of a bridge pier was discussed. The occurrence of methane gas was resulted to be one of the main causes of piping failure in excavated bottom soil.