Natural morphological diversity and haplotype structure in the Karacadag mountain populations of Triticum monococcum from which humans first cultivated einkorn wheat

农业起源于1万年前的中东，通过人类从野生栽培种群中预先存在的自然多样性中选择合适的基因型。人类（农业）栽培作物的选择和传播是一种物种水平的辐射，其时空进程、被选择的性状以及在极少数情况下的祖先群体是可推断或已知的。最早栽培的品种之一是小麦（Triticum monococcum ssp）。一种至今仍在使用的作物。先前的研究表明，来自卡拉卡达格山脉（位于幼发拉底河西岸和土耳其东南部底格里斯河源头之间）的T. m. boeoticum种群是人类首次选择einkorn的种群。在此，我们旨在揭示这些祖先群体的遗传精细结构及其与栽培玉米材料的关系。为此，将从属于19个种群的250份Karacagad材料中确定约20个基因的单核苷酸多态性（snp），并与50个栽培的单粒稻系（包括einkorn的杂草巴尔干亲戚，t.m. aegilopoides）进行比较。这将有助于了解人类最初在麋鹿驯化过程中选择的精确种群和位点，从而揭示人类驱动的快速物种多样化的遗传学和自然历史。

Agriculture originated in the Middle East 10,000 years ago through human selection of suitable genotypes from preexisting natural diversity among wild cultivar populations. The selection and spread of cultivated crops with human (agri-) culture are species-level radiations for which the spatio-temporal progression, the selected traits, and, in a few rare cases, the progenitor populations are inferrable or known. One of the earliest cultivated species was einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum), a crop still in use today. Previous work revealed that T. m. boeoticum populations from Karacadag mountain range - located between the west bank of the Euphrates and the source of the Tigris in southeast Turkey - are the populations from which humans first selected einkorn. Here we aim to uncover the genetic fine structure of these progenitor populations and thier relationship(s) to cultivated einkorn accessions. For this, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in about 20 genes will be i) determined from 250 Karacagad accessions belonging to 19 populations and ii) compared to 50 cultivated T. m. monococcum lines including a weedy Balkan relative of einkorn, T. m. aegilopoides. This will provide insights into the precise populations and loci that humans initially selected during einkorn domestication, thus uncovering the genetics and natural history of a rapid, human-driven species diversification.