Research & development activities of the Japanese army and navy in prewar Japan

在战前的日本，陆军和海军都有自己的研发机构，如海军技术研究所和陆军科学研究所，不仅致力于发明新武器，而且还开展基础研究。第二次世界大战期间，科学技术动员的目标迅速扩大，出现了军事、公共、私人和学术部门的联合研究活动。日本帝国战败后，从事与战争有关的研发活动的工程师和科学家应该转移到除军队以外的民用和公共部门，其中一些人找到了领导研究活动的新任务。工程师的职位是被指定为军事官员还是文职官员，决定了工程师在战后时期的轨迹。

In prewar Japan, the Army and the Navy had their own research and development agencies such as the Technical Institute of the Navy and the Scientific Research Institute of the Army, targeting on not only inventing new weapons but executing the basic research. During the WWII, the objectives of the mobilization of science and technology was rapidly expanded, giving rise to the joint research activities over military, public, private, and academic sectors. Engineers and scientists who embarked on war-related R & D activities should transfer to the civilian and public sectors except the military after the defeat of the Japanese empire, and some of them found their new tasks to lead the research activities. Whether the post of engineers were designated as military or civilian officials decisively controlled the trajectory of the engineers in postwar period.