A comprehensive study on the adaptive radiation and biodiversity of the Drosophila virilis section

从东亚绿化带适应辐射和生物多样性的进化角度对果蝇种群进行了研究。大部分生活在温带地区的雄性昆虫每年都有数次世代交替，雌性昆虫从9月中旬开始就没有卵巢发育，进入生殖滞育冬眠。任何属于大型四足动物物种群的物种都没有自然种群的季节性变化，并且首次知道四足果蝇每年花费两代。威利斯部分蝇利用沿溪流的树根或蕨类植物覆盖的悬崖掩体作为冬眠地点。罗布斯塔组的果蝇通常每年只繁殖一代。从卵期开始，在不同的光周期条件下维持了一些物种，并研究了卵巢的发育。在较短的日照条件下，单伏特种类的奥卡代果蝇发生了生殖滞育，说明奥卡代果蝇的滞育是兼性的，一年只有一代是由于适合奥卡代果蝇生活的时间有限。另一方面，多毛纲物种群的热带或亚热带成员Drosophila daruma的卵巢发育即使在较短的光周期下也没有任何延迟。在黑毛纲物种群的成员Drosophila tsigana的局部种群中，腹部红体的带状图案表现出显著的形态学变化。来自东京和京都的暖温带品种的雄性斑纹全部为黑色，而来自北海道中部的冷温带品种在斑纹II到IV的中间有黑色的尾带，大部分在中间中断。在这两种品种的雄性生殖器上没有发现任何区别。采用无选择法研究了两种果蝇的生殖分离，发现两种果蝇之间存在不完全分离。分析了COI的一个线粒体基因，并比较了当地果蝇种群的基因序列。分子系统发育树表明，暖温带型态的日本绢果蝇与中国贵州地区的绢果蝇较为接近，而不是冷温带型态的日本绢果蝇。少

The Drosophila virilis section was studied from an evolutionary point of vies of adaptive radiation and biodiversity in green belts of East Asia. Most species of the virilis section living in the temperate region repeated generation alternation several times per year, and the females did not develop their ovaries from mid September and entered reproductive diapause for hibernation. Any species belonging to the large quadrisetata species group has not been known for seasonal changes of natural populations, and it is first known that Drosophila quadrisetata spends two generations per year. The virilis section flies used cliff-shelters covered by roots of trees or ferns along stream as hibernation sites. Drosophilaokadai of the robusta group characteristically spent a single generation per year.Several species were maintained under various photoperiodic conditions from the egg stage and studied for the development of ovaries. Reproductive diapause was induced under short daylength in Dros … More ophila okadai, a uni-voltine species, and this has showed that diapause of Drosophila okadai is facultative and a single generation per year is due to the limited period suitable for the life of Drosophila okadai.On the other hand, ovarian development proceeded without any delay even under short photoperiodic regimes in Drosophila daruma, a tropic or subtropical member of the polychaeta species groupLocal populations of Drosophila tsigana, a member of the melanica species group, showed remarkable morphological variations for the band patters on the abdominal tergites. The warm temperate form collected from Tokyo and Kyoto possessed entirely black tergites of males but the cool temperate one from central Hokkaido did black caudal bands interrupted largely at middle on tergites II to IV. Any discriminative character on the male genitalia was not been detected between these two forms.Reproductive isolation was studied by no-choice method, and incomplete isolation was detected between the two forms of Drosophila tsigana. A mitochondrial gene of COI was analyzed, and the gene sequences were compared among local populations of Drosophila tsigana. The molecular phylogenic tree showed that the warm temperate form of Japanese Drosophila tsigana was situated near to Chinese Drosophila tsigana collected from Guizhou, rather than the cool temperate form of Japanese Drosophila tsigana. Less