Toward the Development of Cognitive Economics From the Emergentist Perspective

我们研究的最终目标是分析人类的智力。考虑到Damasio（1994）的躯体标记假说的含义，我们提出了实验任务设计，以调查风险和模糊的心理和神经过程之间的差异，以检验情绪、感觉和认知评估之间关系的含义。在我们的研究中，我们证明了以下两个结论。首先，当被试觉得要将高风险实验游戏的难度提高到一定限度以上时，风险感知就会转化为带有悲观预期的模糊性感知。利用数字脑电图（EEG）对随机负变异（CNV）第一波的恢复表明了从风险感知到模糊感知的传递。其次，利用最近开发的功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）和随机化测试对长时间序列fNIRS数据进行分析，我们证明了当受试者感到执行风险游戏的复杂性和难度增加时，左眶额叶皮层（OFC）和左背外侧前额叶皮层（dl-PFC）的激活变化具有统计学意义。这是第一个分析奈特歧义的神经经济学研究，奈特歧义是长期和重复实验中稳健和持续的不确定性。

The ultimate target for our research is the analysis of the human intelligence. Considering the implications of the somatic markers hypothesis by Damasio (1994), we present experimental task designs to investigate the difference between psychological and neural proceeding of risk and that of ambiguity in order to examine the implications of relationship among emotions, feelings and cognitive evaluations.We demonstrate in our study the following two conclusions. First the perception of risk is transmitted to the perception of ambiguity with pessimistic expectations, when the subjects feel to increase the difficulty of risky experimental games to be executed beyond a certain limit. The transmission from the risk perception to the ambiguity perception is shown by the recovery of the first brain waves of contingent negative variation (CNV) which is obtained by using the digital electroencephalography (EEG). Second using the recently developed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and the randomization test for analyzing the long-running time-series fNIRS data, we demonstrate that the changes in activation of the left orbito frontal cortex (OFC) as well as the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dl-PFC) are statistically significant, when the subjects feel to increase the complexity and difficulty of executing the risky game. This is a first neuroeconomic study to analyze Knightian ambiguity which is robust and persistent uncertainty in the long-running and repeated experiment.