Development of a pharmacological autopilot system for hemodynamics of heart failure using adaptive control

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We developed a method to treat heart failure by automatically and quantitatively determining the dose of inotropics on left-heart pump function, vasodilators on vascular resistance, fluids on blood volume. These cardiovascular properties were obtained quantitatively using a comprehensive cardiovascular model. Due to the dependency of biological drug response on subjects, pathological states, operating points, however, it is desirable to develop an adaptive control. For online system identification, which is an essential requirement for adaptive controls, an external minute perturbation was required. Biological drug responses such obtained are likely usable for the automatic treatment.