Long-term voluntary exercise improves the efficacy of cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis in stroke-prone genetically hypertensive rats

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Beneficial effects of long-term exercise (EX) may relate to increase endothelial and hematopoietic progenitors, and neuronal stem cells. In EX SHRSP, the number and activity of EPC and hematopoietic cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells were increased before and after stroke. The numbers of microvessels and neuronal stem cells around cerebral lesion were increased in EX, coincident with the appearance of EPC. Furthermore, levels of CXCL12, VEGF, and BDNF were higher in the plasma and cerebral homogenates of EX rats than sedentary rats and the signaling molecules, ERK and CREB, were also up-regulated in EX rats.