Economic function of private charters in Northern Italian cities in 8th-9th century.

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The notarii(scribes) wrote a lot of documents in the 8^<th>-9^<th> century, not only public deeds like recorded court cases(placita), but also private charters(agreements, donations, testaments, exchanges, other legal instruments), in northern italian cities. The notaries were needed to sustain a custom of contractual acts and usages of charters from the Lombard era. The' new Italian cursive' script was used for a redaction of private charters because of its speed for writing and practicalities. The notaries wrote many agrarian contracts between land owners and free peasants in the latter half of 9th century. That shows us the importance of usages of charters in rural economy. The notaries might have studied in the palace of Pavia, king's city, or around cathedrals of each city for training of writing. In this context, the scribes combined cities with the countryside.