Economic relationships for woodlands in documents of court cases < notitia > in northern Italy in the Carolingian period

林地和坡地是农村经济的重要组成部分。农民可以在这些地方饲养他们的牛。在这一时期，在森林里用橡子喂猪的权利被公认为农民的一种习俗。此外，农民可以在林地和坡地打猎，可以猎鹿和野猪，如果他们能支付地主的一种费用。林地和坡地使用权的复杂引发了许多冲突和诉讼。在意大利北部，法院案件的文书随处可见，在这些文书中，我们可以看到许多寺院、地主和农民的索赔。一般情况下，修道院想要独占的、完整的财产权，农民坚持将森林作为他们的共同土地的使用权。但到了10世纪，另一种森林&席尔瓦森林引人注目。这是一片用来砍柴和棍子的矮树丛林地。它不是公共土地，而是一块私人财产的私人狭长地带。在农村社会，公共土地和个人土地是兼容的。在乡村景观中，整个林地都得到了保护，所有者可以买卖他们的私人地带，但他们不能试图让土地变得干净。我们可以从司法会议的文件中发现这些情况。这些司法会议各不相同。这些会议包括由伯爵的一名代表主持的乡间会议，以及旅行期间由米西举行的乡村会议。意大利北部的自由农民非常活跃，他们可以要求司法会议的权利。我们不得不从这些积极的农民方面重新思考两党庄园制度的重要性和影响，以及它在10世纪意大利迅速衰落的原因。

Woodland and Po Marshes were very significant <incultum> parts for rural economy. Peasants could feed their cattle in these places. The <glandaticus> (the right to feed acorns to pigs in forests) was well recognized in this period as a custom of peasants. And moreover, peasants could hunt in woodland and Po Marshes, could chase deer and wild boar if they could pay <venatio>, a kind of due to land lord.The complicated rights of usage of woodland and Po Marshes caused many conflicts and court cases. <Notitia>, documents of court cases were widespread in the northern Italy, and we can find many claims from monasteries, landlords and peasants in these documents. In general, monasteries wanted exclusive, full rights of property and peasants insisted on their rights of usage for forests as their common land.But at tenth century, another kind of forests <silva stalaria > was notable. It was a piece of coppice woodland to take firewood and sticks. It wasn't common land but a personal strip of land of private property. In a rural society, common land and personal strips were compatible. In a rural landscape, whole woodlands were conserved, and owners could buy and sell their personal strips but they couldn't try to make land clearance.We can find these situations based on <notitia>, documents of judicial meetings. These judicial meetings varied. Rural assemblies presided over by one of the count's delegates, and the <placita>, held by the <missi> during their journey were included in these meetings. Free peasants in northern Italy were so active that they could claim their right to judicial meetings. We have to reconsider the importance and impact of bi partite manorial system and cause of its quick declination in the tenth century in Italy from these active peasants' sides.