Passing Down Tradition and Nurturing Civic Nature : The Baccalaureat, French University Entrance Exam, as a Rite of Passage

学士学位考试有双重作用：它证明中学学业的完成，并作为大学入学考试。要在4个小时内回答的主要论述题将决定学生的及格与否。在大学和中学，学生们通过写辩证法论证和练习口头论证来学习如何表达法语思想。他们学习通过引用哲学和文学经典来培养法国思想作为知识遗产。通过培养发展论点所需的批判性和综合性技能，学生通过大学考试实现了两个目标：培养他们对传统的继承和发展他们的公民本性。“社会化”主要是在初等教育的范围内进行的，在法国是通过中学教育后期的书面考试来进行的。

The baccalaureat exam performs double duty : It certifies the completion of secondary school and serves as a university entrance exam. A major essay question, to be answered within four hours, determines whether a student passes or fails. In colleges and lycees, students learn how to express French thoughts by writing dialectic arguments and practicing oral arguments. They learn to cultivate French thoughts as intellectual heritage by citing philosophical and literary classics. By nurturing the critical and integrative skills needed for developing one's argument, students achieve two objectives via the university examination : nurturing their inheritance of tradition and developing their civic nature. "Socialization," which is primarily carried out within the boundaries of elementary education, is carried out intellectually in France through practice written exams during the latter stage of the country's secondary education.