Defense mechanisms of periapical inflammation by endothelial cells in persistent apical periodontitis

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To determine the mechanisms of persistent apical periodontitis, nitric oxide (NO), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and midkine were analyzed using immunohistochemical and molecular biological techniques. NO and midkine were co-expressed by endothelial cells. RAGE was also expressed by AGE- expressing endothelial cells. In addition, co-expression of midkine and chemokines by endothelial cells were determined. The data suggested that endothelial cells could play a central role in extension and defense of periapical inflammation.