Gradual withdrawal strategy in Japanese coal industry and the support systems for the re-employment of the workers.

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In Japanese coal industry, the timing of mine closure was delayed by the national policy to ensure the employment of coal workers and economy. In case of Joban Tanko in Iwaki city, the company adopted the gradual withdrawal strategy from coal mining in early 1950s. As a result, the city successes to overcome the damage of the closure and is now the most successful industrial city in Tohoku region. The factors associated with the successful transition were the diversification strategy of the company, the industrial promotion strategy by the local government and the labor-management cooperative union.