The continuations of medical philosophy and technology in changing social system of modern Japan.

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The national isolation of Edo, the Meiji Restoration, the defeat in World War II, and the modernization of Japan are distinctive events. The medical personnel, who supported the people living during these social eras, shouldered responsibility for the continuation and development of medical technology despite the accompanying confusion in the changing society and political systems. Progress was possible because of a philosophy that respected culture regardless of ancestry or education system. Furthermore, the presence of Confucianism among Japanese citizens was a significant feature in medical history. For Westerners belonging to a Christian culture, the medical material collected in Japan may not be much; however, it is valuable in terms of cultural heterogeneity and technology. A comparison of data in Japan and abroad partly clarifies the advantages and disadvantages of medical technology developed as a part of the extended continuation of Japanese technology.