Analyses on leaf-polarity genes co-opted into integument development

叶和珠被（=种皮）都是平面器官，它们几乎是在3.8亿年前从茎中同时进化而来的。同时，它们也是种子植物具有代表性的适应性状。它们同时进化的部分原因是它们在起源时采用了相同的发育机制。另一方面，这些机制在叶和珠被中独立地被修改，使它们能够形成其独特的特征。

Both leaf and integument (=seed coat) are planar organs which are evolved almost simultaneously from stem in 380 million years ago. At the same time, they are representative adaptive characters of seed plants. Their simultaneous evolution is partly explained by a fact that they adopt the same developmental mechanisms upon their origin. On the other hand, the mechanisms are modified independently in leaf and integument, enabling them to form their unique characters.