Analyses on leaf-polarity genes co-opted into integument development

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Both leaf and integument (=seed coat) are planar organs which are evolved almost simultaneously from stem in 380 million years ago. At the same time, they are representative adaptive characters of seed plants. Their simultaneous evolution is partly explained by a fact that they adopt the same developmental mechanisms upon their origin. On the other hand, the mechanisms are modified independently in leaf and integument, enabling them to form their unique characters.