History of 'whiteness' in Canada: Regulating 'between-ness'

这项研究阐明了19世纪末至20世纪初“白人”在加拿大的至高无上地位，考察了“白人”精英如何试图调节“中间地带”。例如，调查发现，中国移民和印度人被视为肮脏、不文明和“外部威胁”，这会污染“白色”，因此他们的活动和空间受到各种法规的严格监管，如“白人妇女劳动法”和“渐进文明法”。“白人”中也存在着“内部威胁”。“智力缺陷”被认为介于“正常”和“正常”之间，他们的存在被认为对保持加拿大的“纯白”是危险的。报告的结论是，精英阶层的治理是脆弱的，既面临着可能动摇白人霸主地位的“外部”威胁，也面临着“内部”威胁。

This research elucidates 'white' supremacy in Canada from the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries, examining how 'white' elites tried to regulate 'inbetween-ness'. It finds that Chinese immigrants and Indians, for example, were regarded as filthy, uncivilized and 'external threat', which would contaminate 'whiteness', so their activities and spaces were strictly supervised by various enactments, such as 'White Women's Labour Laws', and 'Gradual Civilization Act'. There was also 'internal threat' among the 'whites'. 'Mental defectives' were regarded as being situated between 'normal' and 'sane' and their presence was thought to be dangerous to keep 'pure white' Canada. It concludes that the elites' governance was fragile, facing both 'external' and 'internal' threats that might shake 'white' supremacy.