Search for Antidiabetic Principles from Mushrooms, Lichens, andLiverworts

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Recently, GPR120 and GPR40 are G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCR) whose endogenous ligands are medium- and long-chain free fatty acids, and they are thought to play an important physiological insulin release. Grifolin, grifolic acid and grifolic acid methyl ether from mushrooms belonging to Albatrellus were found as the selective GPR120 ligands. Two unsaturated fatty acids from the edible mushroom Sparassis crispa showing antidiabetic activity works as GPR40 agonist, and as GPR120 antagonist. Four novel aromatic compounds from the edible lichen Umbilicaria esculenta showed the strong --glucosidase inhibitory activities. Bis(bibenzyls), marchantins A, B and E from the liverwortsMarchantia polymorpha and M. paleacea showed the strong SGLT2 inhibitory activities.