Search for the Activating Substances of Nuclear Receptors as Regulator of Cholesterol Catabolism from Liverworts and Mushrooms

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Recently, the mechanisms of the regulator of cholesterol catabolism by the activation of liver X receptor (LXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) were found. The activating substances of LXR and FXR were searched from liverworts and mushrooms. We identified a macrocylic bis(bibenzyl), riccardin C from the liverwort Blasia pusilla. Riccardin C functions as LXR α selective agonist. Riccardin C increases plasma HDL level without elevating triglyceride level in mice. We identified marchantins A and E from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha as FXR agonist.