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Analyses of mobile money transfer service in Kenya

肯尼亚移动汇款服务分析

基本信息

批准号：
22700254
负责人：
HABUCHI Ichiyo
金额：
$ 2.41万
依托单位：
Hirosaki University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2010 至 2012
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

My study is grounded in serial observations of mobile phone use among Turkana villagers from the summer of 2006 to the summer of 2012. I conducted observations and interviews in Lodwar, Kalakol, and Locheri-edome during 2 weeks each year. Lodwar and Kakuma are connected by a 150-km unmaintained road. Approximately 20 villagers served as informants each year.I stayed in the home of a villager in Locheri-edome, near Kakuma, while I collected data about mobile phone usage. I aimed to collect detailed information about where, when, and to whom mobile phone owners communicated using this medium. I asked informants about the number of contacts registered in their phone books, the nature of their relationships with mobile phone owners registered as contacts, and the types of situations in which they use mobile phones.Kenyan mobile phone services originally depended on primary social bonds. In most other countries where mobile phone use has thoroughly penetrated everyday life, each individual … More normally has his or her own SIM number and device and rarely answers another person’s mobile phone when it rings in the owner’s absence. In contrast, individuals often answer others’ mobile phones in Kenya. Most users subscribe to prepaid, rather than postpaid, services and purchase SIM cards before they incur phone usage fees. SIM cards are readily exchanged in this system, and Kenyans sometimes lend and borrow not only devices, but also SIM numbers. These practices are related to the mobile phone services and social system in Kenya.Kenyan mobile phone services have also been described as communication media used to bond social capital. Indeed, carriers have provided airtime sharing services, such as Me2U and Sambaza, for a long time. Users can send airtime to other devices used by family members, friends, or anyone in need, providing mutual aid without directly using money. Carriers also provide Flash Back service, which enables a user to send the message “Please call me. Thank you.” for no charge. These services have driven mobile phone use among low income Kenyans.Safaricom began providing the mobile money transfer service M-PESA in 2007. This service is one of the only payment systems in the world based on mobile phone communications. It allows a mobile phone user to send money to anyone, even if the recipient does not have a mobile phone. M-PESA thus promotes mutual aid and business activity among low income Kenyans. Before its advent, sending money was expensive and/or risky in Kenya because most people do not have bank accounts and are thus required to pay high fees to receive money at post offices or to arrange for drivers or middlemen to assist in the transfer. The personal delivery of money, usually by minibus (matatu; frequently used for business travel), also runs the risk of losing the money and being injured by pickpockets or thieves. M-PESA thus facilitates the safe transfer of money. The reduction in the transfer fee to one-tenth that charged by post offices has led to the dramatic spread of M-PESA use throughout Kenya.The explosive expansion of mobile phone use is also related to the development of the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) business protocol. Mobile phone providers responded to the introduction of the BoP by adopting this strategy to create business competition. For example, Safaricom has generated a large profit by acquiring M-PESA users (~15 million in total), each of whom pays about US$1.11 (1.5% average per capita income) monthly. Providers have created services on the basis of social characteristics; like other media, the mobile medium is embedded in everyday life, business activities, social practices, and social divisions. Less

我的研究基于对图尔卡纳村民从2006年夏天到2012年夏天使用移动的电话的连续观察。我每年在Lodwar，Kalakol和Locheri-edome进行两周的观察和采访。Lodwar和Kakuma由一条150公里长的未维护道路连接。每年大约有20名村民担任线人。我住在卡库马附近的Locheri edome的一位村民家中，收集有关移动的电话使用情况的数据。我的目标是收集有关移动的手机用户使用这种媒介进行通信的地点、时间和对象的详细信息。我询问了被调查者在电话簿上登记的联系人数量，他们与登记为联系人的移动的手机所有者的关系性质，以及他们使用移动的手机的情况类型。肯尼亚的移动的电话服务最初依赖于主要的社会纽带。在其他大多数国家，移动的电话的使用已经完全渗透到日常生活中， ...更多信息通常都有自己的SIM卡号码和手机，当别人的移动的电话在主人不在的时候响起时，他很少接听。相比之下，在肯尼亚，人们经常接听别人的移动的电话。大多数用户订阅预付费，而不是后付费，服务和购买SIM卡之前，他们承担电话使用费。在这个系统中，SIM卡很容易交换，肯尼亚人有时不仅借出和借用设备，而且借出和借用SIM卡号码。这些做法与肯尼亚的移动的电话服务和社会制度有关，肯尼亚的移动的电话服务也被描述为用来联结社会资本的通信媒介。事实上，运营商提供通话时间共享服务已经有很长时间了，比如Me 2U和Sambaza。用户可以将通话时间发送到家庭成员、朋友或任何有需要的人使用的其他设备上，提供互助，而不直接使用金钱。运营商还提供闪回服务，使用户能够发送消息“请给我打电话。谢谢”。免费的。Safaricom于2007年开始提供移动的汇款服务M-PESA。这项服务是世界上仅有的基于移动的电话通信的支付系统之一。它允许移动的电话用户向任何人汇款，即使收件人没有移动的电话。因此，M-PESA促进了低收入肯尼亚人之间的互助和商业活动。在汇款出现之前，汇款在肯尼亚是昂贵和/或有风险的，因为大多数人没有银行账户，因此需要支付高额费用才能在邮局收款或安排司机或中间人协助汇款。个人交付金钱，通常是通过小巴（matatu;经常用于商务旅行），也面临丢失金钱和被扒手或小偷伤害的风险。因此，M-PESA有助于资金的安全转移。汇款费降至邮局收费的十分之一，这使得移动电话电子服务在肯尼亚全国范围内迅速普及，移动的电话使用的爆炸性增长也与金字塔底商务协议的发展有关。移动的电话供应商对国际收支平衡表的推出作出了回应，采取了这一战略，以创造商业竞争。例如，Safaricom通过收购M-PESA用户（总计约1500万）获得了大量利润，每个用户每月支付约1.11美元（人均收入的1.5%）。供应商根据社会特征创造服务;像其他媒体一样，移动的媒体嵌入日常生活、商业活动、社会实践和社会分工。少