Mechanism of defensive pessimism and strategic optimism and academic performance

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The purposes of this study wer e to develop the Cognitive Str ategy Scale and inves tigate its reliability and validity, and to examine the r ole of the defensive pessimism. I n Study 1, a factor analysis r evealed that the 20 items of the Cognitive Strategy Scale compr ised four factor s. I n Study 2, the r esult suggested that the Cognitive St r ategy Scale had high r eliability and validity. I n Study 3, the pr opensity to r eflect about one’s plans was associated with the positive lear ning str ategies, which was in tur n r elated positively to academic per for mance. The propensity to reflect about one’s failur e outcomes was associated with the students’ fear s, which wer e in tur n r elated negatively to the negative lear ning strategies and academic per for mance, wher eas the propensity to r eflect about one’s success outcomes was associated with the students’ fear s, which had significant positive eff ects on the positive lear ning str ategies and academic per for mance.