Food entrainable circadian rhythm in humans

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Appearance of premeal anticipatory hormone peak and entrainability of restricted meal schedule were examined in humans who stayed in a temporal isolation facility without knowing the time of day. Meal was supplied once a day for 10 days. As a result, the premeal peak was not detected in plasma melatonin, cortisol, insulin, ghrelin, and leptin. On the other hand, the sleep-wake cycle was entrained by the meal schedule, whereas the circadian melatonin rhythm was not entrained showing phase-delay shifts. These findings indicated that the so-called food entrainable circadian rhythm failed to appear in humans under the present conditions, and that the meal schedule was the time cue for the sleep-wake cycle but not for the circadian pacemaker.