The evolutionary transformation from muscular to hydraulic movements in spider genitalia: A study based on histological serial sections

蜘蛛生殖器从肌肉运动到液压运动的进化转变：基于组织学连续切片的研究

• 批准号: 5402964
• 负责人: Dr. Bernhard A. Huber
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Sektion Arachnida
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2002-12-31 至 2003-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/5402964?language=en
• 关键词: evolutionary; transformation; muscular; hydraulic; movements

The male genitalia of many "higher" spiders (Entelegynae) are intricate and complex structures that perform various types of movements (rotation, tilt, twist) before and during intromission. One of the most extraordinary features is that these movements are not effected by muscles but by hydraulic pressure causing membranes (hematodochae) to unfold in a way determined by the folding pattern itself. In "primitive" spiders, however, movements are caused by a pair of muscles that are thought to be homologous to the muscles that move the claws in walking legs. A preliminary study has shown that neither the distribution of characters nor the character states are that simple: muscles occur also in certain entelegyne spiders, and instead of two character states (pair of muscles versus hydraulics), there are up to five, with substantial variation in the number and attachment sites of muscles. This study aims at a comprehensive treatment of this aspect of spider genital morphology as a basis for an unterstanding of how and why spiders have given up on musles and evolved hydraulic movement instead.

许多“高等”蜘蛛的雄性生殖器是复杂而复杂的结构，在插入之前和插入期间执行各种类型的运动（旋转，倾斜，扭曲）。最不寻常的特征之一是，这些运动不是由肌肉影响的，而是由液压引起的膜（hematodochae）以折叠模式本身决定的方式展开。然而，在“原始”蜘蛛中，运动是由一对肌肉引起的，这对肌肉被认为与行走腿中移动爪子的肌肉同源。一项初步研究表明，无论是性格的分布还是性格状态都不是那么简单：肌肉也出现在某些entlegyne蜘蛛中，而不是两种性格状态（一对肌肉与液压），而是多达五种，肌肉的数量和附着部位有很大的变化。本研究的目的是全面处理这方面的蜘蛛生殖器形态的理解如何以及为什么蜘蛛已经放弃了肌肉和进化液压运动，而不是一个基础。