Roles of replication stress for cellular senescence and genome instability in preneoplastic lesions

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In preneoplastic lesions, oncogene-induced replication stress plays a dual role induction of cell senescence/apoptosis and tumor promotion through increased genomic instability. In these processes, oncogene-induced excessive activation of replication origins and consequent rereplication plays a major role. However, little is known about fork progression during rereplication. When rereplication was induced by depletion of geminin, a regulator of origin activation, Pol-eta was recruited to rereplication sites in human cell lines. Similar observations were obtained in cyclin E-induced rereplication in human tumor cells. Furthermore, Pol-eta knockdown suppressed rereplication induced by either geminin depletion or cyclin E expression. Together, our data suggest that Pol-eta participates in oncogene-induced rereplication. These findings provide important mechanistic insights into genomic instability during tumorigenesis.