Empirical, Comparative, and Cultural Study of Written and Oral Languages as Media for Learning and Teaching

在日语课堂上，书面语言和口头语言经常使用，黑板作为教学和学习交流的媒介发挥着重要作用。 在意大利和斯洛文尼亚，除了语法课，课堂交流比美国更依赖口语。 在美国，教师和学生互动的沟通模式，教师和学生个人回应对方作为“一对一”。 在意大利和斯洛文尼亚，观察到一种交流模式，即几个学生同时对老师的一句话做出反应，以及“一对一”的交流模式。 该研究表明，在意大利和斯洛文尼亚的课堂沟通应该理解的框架内，每个学生自己表达他/她所表达的，然后一个老师支持他/她的表情，而不是一个学生会回答老师的问题。

In Japanese classes, written language, as well as oral language, is frequently utilized and a blackboard plays a significant role as media for teaching and learning communication. In Italy and Slovenia, classroom communication, except in grammar classes, depends on oral language more heavily than those in the USA. In the USA, a teacher and students interact with a communication pattern where a teacher and an individual student respond each other as 'one to one'. In Italy and Slovenia, a communication pattern, in which several students will respond at the same time to a single utterance by a teacher, is observed as well as 'one to one' communication pattern. The study indicates that classroom communication in Italy and Slovenia should be apprehended within a framework where each student himself/herself expresses what he/she comprehends and then a teacher supports his/her expressions rather than the one where a student will respond to a teacher's question.