Empirical, Comparative, and Cultural Study of Written and Oral Languages as Media for Learning and Teaching

在日语课堂上，书面语和口语都是经常使用的语言，黑板作为教与学交流的媒介发挥着重要作用。在意大利和斯洛文尼亚，除了语法课之外，课堂交流比美国更多地依赖口语。在美国，教师和学生之间的互动是一种教师和学生以“一对一”方式相互回应的交流模式。在意大利和斯洛文尼亚，有一种交流模式，即几个学生同时对一位老师的一句话做出回应，以及“一对一”的交流模式。研究表明，意大利和斯洛文尼亚的课堂交流应该在这样的框架下理解：每个学生自己表达他/她理解的东西，然后教师支持他/她的表达，而不是学生回答教师的问题。

In Japanese classes, written language, as well as oral language, is frequently utilized and a blackboard plays a significant role as media for teaching and learning communication. In Italy and Slovenia, classroom communication, except in grammar classes, depends on oral language more heavily than those in the USA. In the USA, a teacher and students interact with a communication pattern where a teacher and an individual student respond each other as 'one to one'. In Italy and Slovenia, a communication pattern, in which several students will respond at the same time to a single utterance by a teacher, is observed as well as 'one to one' communication pattern. The study indicates that classroom communication in Italy and Slovenia should be apprehended within a framework where each student himself/herself expresses what he/she comprehends and then a teacher supports his/her expressions rather than the one where a student will respond to a teacher's question.