Constraints from diapause on life history evolution of insects

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Cost of diapause was detected in an alien bruchid Acanthoscelides pallidipennis as smaller adult body size and less fecundity in diapause generation than in nondiapause one. Because the cost of diapause had greater impact on the population using smaller host seeds in higher latitude, this should affect the success of establishment in high latitude. In contrast, a swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon did not show cost of diapause. However, in P. machaon there were differences in the adult wing (seasonal) morph and physiology between diapause and nondiapause generation.