Effect of history of populations on life history evolution : phylogeographical analysis for geographical variation

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Latitudinal clines of life history traits were caused by local adaptation for latitudinal different conditions of temperatures in all insect species used in this study except for the bruchid, Acanthoscelides pallidipennis, in which the cause was phenotypic plasticity dependent on host seed sizes. In the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon, the phylogeographical analysis using mtDNA and common garden experiment suggested that the history of population fragmentations and genetic drifts acted as constraint on the direction and degree of life history evolution. Therefore, this might make a gap in Tsugaru Channel across latitudinal clines.