Dialog between judges and political branches in domestic implementation of international obligations in Japan

在相关国内法体系已经存在的领域，一些创新的解释对于调整现有法律体系结构是必不可少的。一般来说，日本法院倾向于避免这种努力，只是宣布不适用国际法律准则。然而，由于与现行法律制度的紧张关系，一些法官采取了相当演变的解释，而这些司法判例在某种程度上与最近通过立法措施有效执行国际法的改革有关。总之，我们不能把未能有效执行国际法的主要责任归咎于法官。在加入国际条约时，我们应该更加关注内阁和国会的行为

In the fields where the relevant domestic law system already exists, some inovative interpretation would be indispensable to adjust the existing structure of law system. In general, Japanese courts tend to avoid such efforts, simply to declare non-applicabilty of international legal norms. Nevertheless, hard tension with the existing system of law leads some of judges to adopt rather evoltive interpretation, and such judicial precedents are, to some extent, relevant to recent reforms for effective imprementation of international law through legislative measures. In sum, we cannot attribute main responsibility to judges for ineffective implementation of international law. we should pay more attention to behavors of Cabinet and Diet at the time of adhesion to international treaties