Elucidation of metal immobilization mechanisms and toxcity by chemical amendments

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In-situ immobilization technologies are recommended for remediation of metal contaminated soils in Japan. The main objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of various amendments on metal immobilization in contaminated soils from the viewpoints of chemical extraction, metal speciation and bioavailability. The amendments selected were eggshell, oyster shell (calcined or non-calcined), biochar, beef-bone powder and iron powder. All of these amendment could reduce solubility of lead and cadmium in soils. Detailed information is available in publications.