Mechanical and thermal properties of living organisms at the mesoscopic scale

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(i) Force (work) and (ii) temperature (heat) are frequently considered as macroscopic parameters. Here we developed novel methods to handle these physical parameters at the single cell scale, and tried to discover biologically important phenomena. (i) A novel cell-sheet system was developed. We examined the response of a cell-sheet to external mechanical stimulus under an optical microscope. (ii) We found the cells respond to heat pulses. Also, we developed novel temperature probes to study single cell thermogenesis.