Recruitment of octopaminergic neurons in different insect species

章鱼胺能背侧或腹侧不成对正中神经元（DUM或VUM）存在于所有昆虫中，并且参与调节神经肌肉传递和调节其靶组织的能量代谢。它们在各种运动行为期间被不同地募集，尽管激活的提取机制是未知的，特别是已知没有突触前神经元与DUM/VUM神经元进行直接突触接触。通过使用两个直翅目物种之间的compoarative的方法，“原始”的新西兰湿，非洲蝗虫，和美国蛾，章鱼胺能神经元的招聘和适应不同的行为约束的差异将进行研究。特别是，以下问题将是地址：（1）如何招募这些神经元在wetas和蝗虫在不同的胫骨运动，其中每一个有不同的行为功能，（ii）是不同的神经元通路参与这种招聘，例如本地与节间激活，或感觉激活与下行命令从运动控制区。(iii)在蛾中，将在成虫中研究同类神经元的募集，并与幼虫进行比较。(iv)据推测，在变态的连接，这些神经元的变化，并在此重组的运动控制区的食管下神经节参与。因此，将寻找并表征食管下神经节中可向DUM/VUM神经元提供输入的神经元。(v)此外，将表征支配所有主要脑区的食管下神经节本身的DUM/VUM神经元。

Octopaminergic dorsal or vental unpaired median (DUM or VUM) neurons occur in all insects, and are involved in modulating neuromuscular transmission and in regulationg energy metabolism of their target tissues. They are diffenentially recruited during various motor behaviors although the extract mechanisms of activation are unknown, in particular no presynaptic neurons are known to make direct synaptic contacts with DUM/VUM neurons. By using a compoarative approach between two orthopteran species, the "primitive" New Zealand weta, the African locust, and an American moth, differences in recruitment of octopaminergic neurons and their adaptations to different behavioral constraints will be studied. In particular, the following questions will be adresses: 1i) how are these neurons recruited in wetas and locusts during diffenrent tibial movements each of which has a different behavioral function, (ii) are different neuronal pathways involved in this recruitment, for example local versus intersegmental activation, or sensory activation versus descending command from motor control areas. (iii) In the moth, recruitment of the same class of neurons will be studies in adults and compared to that of larvae. (iv) It is assumed that during metamorphosis the connectivity of these neurons changes, and that the suboesophageal ganglion as a motor control area is involved in this reorganization. Therefore, neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion that may provide inputs to DUM/VUM neurons will be sought and characterized. (v) In addition, DUM/VUM neurons of the suboesophageal ganglion itself that innervate all major brain areas will be characterized.