Sensitivities of deep convective systems on temperature stratification, surface parameters and orography

将一种新的云微物理方案应用于德国气象局(DWD)的Lokalmodell(LM)云分辨方案。新的方案依赖于五种类型的液体和冰水流星的尺寸分布、数量和质量密度的两个矩的平衡方程。除了改进了对许多云微物理过程的描述外，两矩方案还能够区分海洋和大陆条件，众所周知，海洋和大陆条件在很大程度上控制着云的微物理和对流云的动力学。要设想的许多情况包括有利于对流云发展的理想化和现实化的情况。所考虑的条件从层结、湿度和风廓线等环境参数的气候学到特定事件。在假设理想化和现实化地形的前提下，首次利用业务有限区域数值预报模式的全部功能，系统地研究了决定降水起始、演变、时间和位置的相关过程及其相互作用。此外，通过切线模式及其伴随应用于云微物理模块，对决定降水演变的关键参数进行了评估。

A novel cloud microphysics scheme is applied in the Lokalmodell (LM) of the German Weather Service (DWD) with cloud resolving resolution. The new scheme relies on balance equations for two moments of the size distributions, number as well as mass densities, of five types of liquid and ice hydrometeors. Besides improved descriptions of many cloud microphysical processes the two-moment scheme is able to distinguish between maritime and continental conditions which are known to largely control cloud microphysics and dynamics of convective clouds. Very many scenarios to be envisaged comprise idealized and real cases favourable to the development of convective clouds. The conditions taken into account range from a climatology of environmental parameters as stratification, humidity and wind profiles as well as to particular episodes. In assuming idealized and realistic orography the relevant processes and their mutual interactions determining precipitation initiation, evolution, timing and location are systematically investigated for the first time using the full capabilities of an operational limited-area NWP model. Additionally, crucial parameters decisive for precipitation evolution are assessed by a tangent-linear model and its adjoint applied to the cloud microphysics module.