Land Tenure Through Electoral Outcome, Is It Efficient? A Study of Bengkok Land in Java, Indonesia.

我们决定考虑农业合同设计的整体图景，包括固定租金和分耕制安排。这使我们能够回答一个同样有趣的问题：“什么是首选的耕作模式面临有限的保有权？”这一研究问题也与关于佃农制度与固定租金合同的相对效率的辩论有关。研究中的固定租金安排丰富了研究设计，并使我们能够回答以下研究问题：1)有限租赁制对契约理论的影响？2)分成地和租赁地的生产率是否不同？3)合同类型是否因选举周期的不同而不同？4)认知技能是否影响合同类型？我们的主要目标是分析数据，以找出(A)固定租金合同如何与有限租赁权相联系，(B)分成制合同如何与有限保有权相联系，以及(C)固定租金和分成制之间的相互作用如何在有限保有权下演变。在其他方面。主要数据样本包括按合同方式：910份合同(N=130个村庄×7个合同对)和按户方式：1,820户(N=130个村庄×14户)。我们得出了每个地块的房东和农民特征的汇总统计数据(农民提供了具有不同属性的两个地块的详细信息)。然后，我们将这些发现在a)Bengkok/非Bengkok b)租户/农民所有c)分成/固定租金方面进行了比较。

We decided to consider a holistic picture of farming contract design, including both fixed-rent and sharecropping arrangements. This enabled us to answer an equally interesting question: “what the preferred mode of farming is facing limited tenure?” This research question was also related to the debate on relative efficiency in sharecropping versus fixed rent contracts. Having fixed-rent arrangements in the study made the research design rich and enabled us to answer the following research questions: 1)What are the implications on contract theory with the limited tenure? 2)Are productivities different between sharecropped and tenanted plots? 3)Does contract type vary depending on periods in the election cycle? 4)Does cognitive skill affect contract type?Our primary goal has been to analyze the data to find out (A) how fixed-rent contracts are linked to limited-tenure, and (B) how sharecropping contracts are linked to limited-tenure and (C) how the interplay between fixed-rent and sharecropping evolves with limited-tenure, among others. The main data sample consists of Contract-wise: 910 contracts (N=130 villages ×7 contract pairs) and Household-wise: 1,820 households (N=130 villages ×14 households). We derived summary statistics on landlord and farmers characteristics for each plot (Farmers provide detailed information of two plots with different attributes). And then we compared these findings across 　a) Bengkok/Non-Bengkok b)tenant/farmer-owned c)sharecropping/fixed rent.